Late Miocene
中新世后期
7 million - 5.3 million years old 七百万 到 五百三十万 年前
Name
|
Age
|
Species 种类
|
|
Year discovered
|
Country
|
|
7 Ma
|
|
1
|
2001
|
|
|
6 Ma
|
|
2
|
2000
|
|
Pliocene上新世
5.3 million - 2.58 million years old
五百万 到 两百五十八万 年前
Name
|
Age
|
Species 种类
|
|
Year discovered
|
Country
|
|
4.4 Ma
|
|
3
|
1994
|
|
KNM-LT 329
|
4.2 - 5Ma
|
|
4
|
1967
|
|
KNM-TH 13150
|
4.15-5.25Ma
|
|
|
1984
|
|
KNM-KP 271
|
4 Ma
|
|
|
1965
|
|
|
3.7 Ma
|
|
5
|
1976
|
|
|
2.9 - 3.9 Ma
|
|
6
|
1974
|
|
|
3.5
|
|
7
|
1995
|
|
|
3.5 Ma
|
|
8
|
1999
|
|
|
3.3 Ma
|
|
|
1994
|
|
|
3.3 Ma
|
|
|
2000
|
|
|
3.2 Ma
|
|
|
1974
|
|
|
3 - 3.2 Ma
|
|
|
1975
|
|
|
3 - 3.2 Ma
|
|
|
1973
|
|
|
3 Ma
|
|
|
1991
|
|
Pleistocene
更新世
Lower Paleolithic: 2.58 million - 300,000 years old
旧石器时代早期:两百五十八万 到 三十万 年前
Name
|
Age
|
Species 种类
|
|
Year discovered
|
Country
|
|
2.5 Ma
|
|
9
|
1924
|
|
|
2.5 Ma
|
|
10
|
1985
|
|
|
2.04-2.58 Ma
|
|
|
1947
|
|
|
2.04 - 2.58 Ma
|
|
|
1947
|
|
STS 52
|
2.04 -2 .58 Ma
|
|
|
1947
|
|
|
2.04Ma
|
|
|
1947
|
|
|
2 Ma
|
|
11
|
1938
|
|
MH1
|
1.977-1.98 Ma
|
|
12
|
2008
|
|
|
1.9 Ma
|
|
13
|
1973
|
|
|
1.9 Ma
|
|
14
|
1972
|
|
|
1.8 Ma
|
|
|
1968
|
|
OH 8
|
1.8 Ma
|
|
|
1960
|
|
|
1.8 Ma
|
|
15
|
1959
|
|
|
1.8 Ma
|
|
16
|
2001
|
|
|
1.78 -1.9 Mya
|
|
|
2012
|
|
(mandibular fragment)
|
1.78 -1.9 Mya
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
1.78 -1.9 Mya
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
1.75 Ma
|
|
|
1960
|
|
|
1.75 Ma
|
|
|
1975
|
|
|
1.74 Ma
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.7 Ma / 0.5-0.6 Ma (disputed)
|
|
|
1965
|
|
OH 13
|
1.7 Ma
|
|
|
1963
|
|
|
1.7 Ma
|
|
|
1969
|
|
|
1.7 Ma
|
|
|
1970
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.7 Ma
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.6 Ma
|
|
|
1984
|
|
|
1.5 - 2 Ma
|
|
17
|
1976
|
|
|
1.5 - 2 Ma
|
|
|
1949
|
|
|
1.5 - 2 Ma
|
|
|
1994
|
|
|
1.5 - 2 Ma
|
|
|
1949
|
|
|
1.5 Ma
|
|
|
1964
|
|
|
1.5 Ma
|
|
|
1960
|
|
|
1.5 Ma
|
|
|
1971
|
|
|
1.4 - 1.6 Ma
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.4 Ma
|
|
|
1993
|
|
|
1.2 Ma
|
|
18
|
2008
|
|
|
1.0 Ma
|
|
|
1997
|
|
|
1 Ma
|
|
|
1939
|
|
|
780k - 858k
|
|
|
1994
|
|
|
0.7 - 1.6 Ma
|
|
|
1937
|
|
|
0.7 -1 Ma
|
|
|
1891
|
|
|
700k
|
|
|
1954
|
|
|
700k
|
|
|
1969
|
|
|
680k - 780k
|
|
|
1921
|
|
|
600k
|
|
|
1976
|
|
|
500k
|
|
19
|
1907
|
|
|
500k
|
|
20
|
1953
|
|
|
478k - 524k
|
|
|
1994
|
|
|
400k - 500k
|
|
|
1980
|
|
|
400k
|
|
|
1992
|
|
|
400k
|
|
|
1935
|
|
|
400k
|
|
|
1971
|
|
|
400k
|
|
|
1971
|
|
|
350k
|
|
|
1973
|
|
|
350k
|
|
|
1933
|
|
Middle Paleolithic: 300,000 - 50,000 years old旧石器时代中期: 三十万 到 五万 年前
Name
|
Age
|
Species 种类
|
|
Year
discovered
|
Country
|
|
250k - 500k
|
|
|
1960
|
|
|
250k
|
|
|
1931
|
|
|
250k
|
|
21
|
|
|
(Pontynewydd)
|
230k
|
|
|
1981
|
|
|
209k ±23k (disputed)
|
|
|
1978
|
|
|
200k - 300k
|
|
|
1921
|
|
|
190k
十九万年前
|
Homo sapiens 智人
|
22
|
1967
|
|
|
190k
|
Homo Sapiens
|
|
|
|
|
160k
|
|
23
|
1997
|
|
|
160k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1991
|
|
|
160k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1991
|
|
|
160k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1991
|
|
|
160k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1991
|
|
|
120k
|
|
|
1967
|
|
|
100k - 127k
|
|
|
1899
|
|
|
90k - 100k
十万年前
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1930
|
|
|
90k - 100k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1933
|
|
|
90k - 100k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1933
|
|
Scladena
|
80k - 127k
|
|
|
|
|
|
80k - 120k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1933
|
|
|
80k - 120k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
|
|
|
75k - 125k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1960
|
|
Obi-Rakhmat 1
|
75k
|
|
|
2003
|
|
Teshik-Tash Skull
|
70k
|
|
|
1938
|
|
|
70k
|
|
|
1909
|
|
|
60k
|
|
|
|
|
|
60k - 80k
|
|
|
1961
|
|
|
60k
|
|
|
1908
|
|
|
50k - 60k
|
|
|
|
|
Upper Paleolithic: 50,000 - 10,000 years old旧石器时代晚期: 五万 到 一万 年前
Name
|
Age
|
Species 种类
|
|
Year discovered
|
Country
|
|
49 k
|
|
|
1994
|
|
|
45k - 60k
|
|
|
|
|
|
45k - 60k
|
|
|
|
|
|
41k - 45k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1927
|
|
|
41k
|
|
|
June 28, 1961
|
|
|
40k - 60k.
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1974
|
|
|
40k - 60k
|
|
|
1939
|
|
|
40k
|
|
|
1856
|
|
|
40k
|
|
|
2011
|
|
|
37k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
2012
|
|
|
36k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1952
|
|
|
36k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
2002
|
|
|
33k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1823
|
|
|
32k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1962
|
|
|
30k-50k
|
|
|
1829
|
|
|
30k-50k
|
|
|
1848
|
|
|
30k-50k
|
|
|
1909
|
|
|
30k - 50k
|
|
|
2000
|
|
|
30k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1868
|
|
|
27k - 53k
|
|
|
1931
|
|
|
26k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1894
|
|
|
24k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1997
|
|
|
18k
|
|
24
|
2003
|
|
|
16k - 18k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1970
|
|
|
15k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1967
|
|
|
14.7k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1927–1968
|
|
Iwo Eleru Skull
|
13k
|
|
|
1965
|
|
|
11k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1936
|
|
|
10k - 12k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1888
|
|
Holocene全新世
Mesolithic / Neolithic: 10,000 - 5000 years old中石器时代/新石器时代:一万 到 五千 年前
Name
|
Age
|
Species 种类
|
|
Year discovered
|
Country
|
|
approx 10k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1914
|
|
|
9.6 k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1909
|
|
|
9k
|
|
|
1903
|
|
|
9k - 13k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1968
|
|
|
8k - 12k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1920
|
|
|
8k - 12k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1963
|
|
|
8k - 20k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1982
|
|
|
6k - 9k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1965
|
|
|
5k - 11k
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1947
|
|
|
4.9k - 11.8
|
Homo sapiens
|
|
1929
|
|
资料来源:
Wikipedia:《List of human evolution fossils》
last modified on 18 January 2013 at 15:24.
人类,当你坐在这里聆听和阅读时,你的血统,你的物种的 “生命”,你的 DNA,并不是来自于此处的。它不是来自于此处 [指地球]。不。它是进口的!而且,它还是被赞颂的。而且,在进口的过程中你们还得到其他人的协助。在很久远、很久远以前,生物种子在不同的时候从宇宙各处移植过来。而其实这是有证据的,但是从来没有科学家强调过此事,也没有提出来让人们留意此事。线性思维对你所做的其中一件事就是蒙蔽你,让你看不见更大的画面。你所需要做的就是望向窗外并看见它的证据。你们的 DNA 是各种各样的跨星系与跨维度化学物质的集合体。
“克里昂,你可以证明吗?” 我会让你思考一些东西,它会挑战统计概率的法则……但却没有人从科学讲台上喊道,“看看这个,看看这个。” 进化是真实的。人类是 (部分是) 地球的这个进化过程的产物,但是在大约十万年前被赋予了一次基因更改。
当它发生时,时机已经成熟了,就如我们之前所说的,你们身上携带着昴宿星人的生物片段和部分。但那也只是许多星系生物群中的一个。这不是可怕或恐怖的信息。它是美丽的!它也是复杂的。当你思索它时,你会发现它是宏大的。但那里有一些关于人类和哺乳动物的异常现象是你应该看见的,这些现象本身已经说明了一切。
让我给你们一个大的挑战——这是我们在过去曾经提过,但是现在需要再检视一次的主题:我挑战统计学家们去统计一下我即将提出的现象当中的 “P值” [实验结果在统计学上的准确性的指标]。地球上的所有物种都以某种特定的形式而演化。那些在灵长目哺乳动物中直接排在人类之后的 [猴子,猿,猩猩,等], 它们全部,即使没有数百种,也有数十种,不同的变异……巨大的差异。一些有尾巴,一些没有。一些长得很像,一些不像。很多都长得与其他的全然不同。一些是巨大的,许多是幼小的。你们知道这个概念了吗。当你们注视大自然时,你们会发现它就是这样的。进化创造出看似无限的物种变异。猴子和猩猩也不例外。
[译者补充:P 值是统计学上对数据差异性的评价。当 P 值显示数据之间具有了显著性差异,就说明参与比对的数据不是来自于同一总体(Population),而是来自于具有差异的两个不同总体,也可能来自于实验处理对实验对象造成了根本性状改变,因而前测后测的数据会有显著性差异。]
但那里有一个巨大的例外:是人类!你们有没有意识到这一点呢?只有一种人类。而这种现象的统计概率是多少呢?人类学家会告诉你,人类学证据显示那里曾经有 14 或 15 种人类 [注:列表上显示有 24 种人类],全部都按照人类进化的路线而演化,直到十万年前。然后突然间各种人类都消失了,只留下一种人类继续展开演化……只有一种。这不是违背进化常理吗?更甚的是……它还违背整个大自然的常理!但你们却从来没有听过科学家站在科学讲台上说,“哇!看看这个,这真是与众不同。” 相反的,他们只是轻描谈写地报告,“嗯,情形就如它所是的那样。”
是时候你们要明白,周围的许多迹象都在暗示,你们人类是与周围的所有其他生命全然不同的,就连与其他的灵长目哺乳动物也有许多不同。一种动物在进化的轨道上停止所有变异,只发展其中的一个种类,而其他各种动物却尽情地发展它们的多样性……这种现象的统计数字和概率是多少呢?喔,人类是有不同的肤色和体形,但是从生物学上而言,却只有一个种类。而这个种类的 DNA 里所含有的是澎湃的跨星系能量。这是必须的,由于目前地球上所发生的事而必须如此。
你们在生物上所看到的一切现象都是一种设定,这是为了让你能够解决你本身所创造的谜题,让你能够处理地球上的挑战。你们所有人都是解题者,你们被视为神的一部分。你们是来解开一个有意义的谜题,但它的要求是你必须处在一个意识受限的地方。这项测试不只是有意义——它还是一项公平的测试,它要求天使们被独自留在一个星球之上,却不知道自己是谁,让他们的能量自然流露。地球的能量将流向何方呢?在这个公平的能量游戏场之上,它将如何安置自己呢? 当一切都已经结束,当地球已经安置好自己时,这股能量又会往哪里去呢?
人类无法来自于地球,而同时又能成功地进行这项测试。地球上的进化过程无法提供你们所需的限制性和宏伟性来解开这道谜题。这项 “地球能量测试” 的结果将被应用到新的宇宙当中,影响着未来无数的生命形态……许多看起来将会很像你们的样子。
摘自:克里昂:《线性思维的挑战》
http://feelmiracle.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post.html
NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space
美国宇航局研究人员:DNA 组成元素可以在太空制造
|
Meteorites contain a large variety of nucleobases, an essential building block of DNA. (Artist concept credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Smith) |
NASA-funded researchers have evidence that some building blocks of DNA, the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life, found in meteorites were likely created in space. The research gives support to the theory that a "kit" of ready-made parts created in space and delivered to Earth by meteorite and comet impacts assisted the origin of life.
美国宇航局所赞助的研究人员证明,在陨石中所发现的 DNA 组成元素,也就是那些含有生命基因指令的分子,很有可能是在太空中制造的。有一种理论说,陨石和彗星撞击,把太空制造的现成组合 “配套” 运到地球上,以协助地球生命的起源。这项研究给这种理论提供了证据。
"People have been discovering components of DNA in meteorites since the 1960's, but researchers were unsure whether they were really created in space or if instead they came from contamination by terrestrial life," said Dr. Michael Callahan of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
“自 1960 年代以来,人们就已经在陨石中发现了 DNA 的组成部分,但是研究人员一直无法确定,这些元素到底是在太空形成的,还是被地球生物染上去的,” 美国宇航局在马利兰绿带的戈达德太空飞行中心的麦可.卡拉汉博士说。
"For the first time, we have three lines of evidence that together give us confidence these DNA building blocks actually were created in space." Callahan is lead author of a paper on the discovery appearing in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
“有史以来第一次,我们找到三重证据来共同证明这些 DNA 组成元素确实是在太空形成的。” 卡拉汉是这项发布在《美国国家科学院院刊》的研究报告的主笔作者。
|
Liquid Chromatography |
The Goddard team ground up samples of twelve carbon-rich meteorites, nine of which were recovered from Antarctica. They extracted each sample with a solution of formic acid and ran them through a liquid chromatograph, an instrument that separates a mixture of compounds. They further analyzed the samples with a mass spectrometer, which helps determine the chemical structure of compounds.
戈达德团队把十二颗碳含量高的陨石样本磨成粉,其中九颗是在南极找到的。他们以甲酸溶剂来提取样本,然后把它们注入液相层析仪,这是一种将化合物进行分离的仪器。接着他们以质谱仪来进一步分析样本,鉴定出它们的化学结构。
|
Nucleobases |
|
DNA chemical structure
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The team found adenine and guanine, which are components of DNA called nucleobases, as well as hypoxanthine and xanthine. DNA resembles a spiral ladder; adenine and guanine connect with two other nucleobases to form the rungs of the ladder. They are part of the code that tells the cellular machinery which proteins to make. Hypoxanthine and xanthine are not found in DNA, but are used in other biological processes.
研究团队发现了腺嘌呤 (adenine) 及鸟嘌呤 (guanine),是 DNA 的核碱基,同时也发现了次黄嘌呤 (hypoxanthine) 及黄嘌呤 (xanthine)。DNA 就像一个螺旋梯子,腺嘌呤及鸟嘌呤与另外两种核碱基连接起来成为梯级。它们是 DNA 密码的一份子,负责指示细胞机制该制造哪一种蛋白质。次黄嘌呤及黄嘌呤在 DNA 中是找不到的,但它们在其他生物过程中会发挥作用。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/34/13995/F2.expansion.html
Also, in two of the meteorites, the team discovered for the first time trace amounts of three molecules related to nucleobases: purine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6,8-diaminopurine; the latter two almost never used in biology. These compounds have the same core molecule as nucleobases but with a structure added or removed.
而且,在其中两颗陨石中,研究团队首次发现了微量的、与核碱基有关系的三个分子:嘌呤、2,6 二氨基嘌呤、及 6,8 二氨基嘌呤;后两种元素在生物过程中完全用不上。这些化合物的核心分子与核碱基相同,分别只在于增加或减少了一个结构。
It's these nucleobase-related molecules, called nucleobase analogs, which provide the first piece of evidence that the compounds in the meteorites came from space and not terrestrial contamination. "You would not expect to see these nucleobase analogs if contamination from terrestrial life was the source, because they're not used in biology, aside from one report of 2,6-diaminopurine occurring in a virus (cyanophage S-2L)," said Callahan. "However, if asteroids are behaving like chemical 'factories' cranking out prebiotic material, you would expect them to produce many variants of nucleobases, not just the biological ones, due to the wide variety of ingredients and conditions in each asteroid."
这些与核碱基有关系的分子,称为 “核碱基类似物”,就是陨石中的化合物是出自外太空,而不是出自地球生物沾染的第一个证据。“如果它是被地球生物染上去的话,你不会看见这些核碱基类似物,因为它们在生物过程中完全用不上,除了一次记录:2,6 二氨基嘌呤出现在一种病毒上(蓝细菌噬菌体 S-2L),” 卡拉汉说道。“但是,如果小行星表现得像是大量制造 ‘生物出现前的物质’ 的化工厂的话,你就会预期它们制造出核碱基的变异体,而不只是生物性的核碱基,因为每颗小行星内的成分和环境都不同。”
The second piece of evidence involved research to further rule out the possibility of terrestrial contamination as a source of these molecules. The team also analyzed an eight-kilogram (21.4-pound) sample of ice from Antarctica, where most of the meteorites in the study were found, with the same methods used on the meteorites. The amounts of the two nucleobases, plus hypoxanthine and xanthine, found in the ice were much lower -- parts per trillion -- than in the meteorites, where they were generally present at several parts per billion. More significantly, none of the nucleobase analogs were detected in the ice sample. One of the meteorites with nucleobase analog molecules fell in Australia, and the team also analyzed a soil sample collected near the fall site. As with the ice sample, the soil sample had none of the nucleobase analog molecules present in the meteorite.
第二个证据进一步排除这些化合物分子是被地球生物沾染的可能性。研究团队也以同样的方法分析了 8 公斤(21.4 磅)的南极冰块样本,研究所用的大多数陨石都是在南极找到的。在冰块中所发现的两个核碱基 [腺嘌呤(A) 及鸟嘌呤(G)],还有次黄嘌呤及黄嘌呤,它们的浓度(万亿分率)远低于在陨石中的普遍浓度(十亿分率)。更重要的是,没有一种核碱基类似物 [二氨基嘌呤] 在冰块样本中被发现。其中一颗拥有核碱基类似物的陨石是在澳洲掉落的,研究团队也分析了从掉落地点附近所采集到的土壤样本。就像冰块样本一样,土壤样本中也没有发现核碱基类似物。
Thirdly, the team found these nucleobases -- both the biological and non-biological ones -- were produced in a completely non-biological reaction. "In the lab, an identical suite of nucleobases and nucleobase analogs were generated in non-biological chemical reactions containing hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and water. This provides a plausible mechanism for their synthesis in the asteroid parent bodies, and supports the notion that they are extraterrestrial," says Callahan.
第三个证据是,研究团队发现这些核碱基,不管是生物性的还是非生物性的,都能在完全非生物的化学作用中被制造出来。“在实验室里,同样的一组核碱基与核碱基类似物,都在氰化氢、氨和水作为成分的非生物化学作用中被制造出来。这对它们在小行星母体中的合成提供了一个合理的机制,也支持了它们是源于外太空的观点,” 卡拉汉说。
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hydrogen cyanide ammonia water
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摘自:《NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space》 08.08.11
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/dna-meteorites.html
由[我是我所是] 整理及翻译